Japanese Bio-ventures Vol. 2

Q. There are very few Japanese EBPs that have obtained regulatory approvals of pharmaceutical products.  Is this due to the fact that individual investors play much important role in bio venture growth and development in Japan, compared to institutional investors?   Japanese institutional investors do not hold the patience to keep supporting EBPs a long time until the success of development programs is materialized.  What are your thoughts?

Ozaki: Of course, the financial support that EBPs in Japan get from Japanese investors no doubt are very limited compared to the western investors. However, I think there are three other major reasons affecting the “success of EBPs.”  

(1) Lack of capabilities to choose seeds

(2) Japanese VCs are risk aversive

(3) Lack of long term strategies to lead EBPs

Please let me elaborate a little more to highlight how weak is the drug discovery of Japanese emerging bio-venture companies:

(1) Capability to choose seeds

This is really an essential issue.  Japanese EBP has extremely weak target selection capability compared to US EBP. In other words, they are less focused on commercialization feasibility of their seeds, and as a result, the seeds they choose are generally less successful. The background of relatively high success rate of EBPs in the United States lies in American VCs’ strong push, sticking to the quality of seeds and subsequent business feasibly.  The novelty or uniqueness of technology alone should not be the basis for seeds selection. This principle is more persistent among EBPs in the United States than Japan in my assessment.  The development projects of a small but successful venture in the United States mentioned in Vol.1 focus more on “already approved small molecules for an application in rare diseases” called repositioning or “non-small molecules in much smaller indications with high Unmet Medical Needs”. Unfortunately those targets are not well received by Japanese VCs.  Why?

  • In Japan, VCs prefer to bet on “social recognition,” “popularity of technology” and “endorsement of notable doctors” than technological assessment.  Consequently VCs tend to invest into EBPs targeting  cutting-edge technologies and fields with higher scientific hurdles.
  • There are a wide variety of EBPs in the United States, and some of them actually do perform cutting-edge gene therapy or cell therapy.  But at the same time, other companies target rare diseases with a clear mechanism of action with small molecule or rare blood cancers with specific signal transduction. In addition, there are a large number of antibody drug ventures (antibodies are relatively low hurdles as a drug candidates).  These types of EBPs will generally speaking constitute a large population of successful ventures in the United States.  If Japanese EBPs appear not to be as successful as US ventures, I believe that the lack of seeds diversity of Japanese ventures should contribute to this image. This is partly due to the Japanese VC’s scientific orientation as mentioned above and their disinterest in so called “repositioning of old drugs”
  • In Japan, a certain number of venture companies do engage themselves in  the bridging studies of the drugs created and approved overseas with strong clinical evidence.  They do not contribute to the true innovation at all.  Although their scientific impact is extremely limited, they are also counted as a EBP in Japan.  That being said, they are necessary evil for the Japanese patients, as at the end of the day, they develop valuable products that common Japanese pharmaceutical companies do not handle into Japanese market.

Q. 特にバイオベンチャーで薬事承認までちゃんと行って成功してる事例が日本でとても少ないのは、ベンチャーに投資するのは個人投資家が多く機関投資家は長期に待つ姿勢を取れるところがなく、バイオベンチャーがいつまでたっても育たないという論評があります。如何お考えですか?

尾崎:勿論資金調達規模が日本のEBPは小さく、資金供給サイドに課題があるのは間違いありません。ただ、「創薬」と言う意味では複合的な原因があると思います。少し時間をかけて考えてみました。大きく以下の三つの課題があると思います。

①これは本当に本質的な課題なのですが、日本のEBPはターゲットの選択力が米国のEBPに比べて極めて弱いと思っています。言い換えれば、Commercializationへの拘りが少なく(ライセンスするからとの甘えがある感じ)、その結果、選択するシーズの成功確率が全般的に低くなっています。なぜ米国のEBPの成功事例が多いかは、シーズへの質(Business Feasibility)を求めるVCの存在があり、資金力がある上、シーズ力を求める事によりEBPのレベルが上がっていると感じます。米国では単に最先端の技術とか高度な技術だからという事は、シーズ選択のクライテリアになっていないと思います。前回述べた小さく成功している会社の開発品目は普通のSmall Moleculeを希少疾患やUnmet Medical Needsが高い小さな適応症での有効性に注目して成功した会社です。おそらく彼らのシーズは開発成功確率が高いにも関わらず、日本で開発しようと思っても日本のVCから見向きもされないでしょう。何故でしょうか?

  • 日本では、技術的に面白ければ、難しくてハードルが高い技術や領域を狙う傾向が強い事が影響していると思います。「社会的受け」や「はやり」また「有名な先生の意向」等を意識している印象があります。
  • 米国でも多種多様なEBPが存在して、最先端の遺伝子治療、細胞治療を行う企業が沢山存在しますが、同時にメカニズムがはっきりした希少疾患をSmall Moleculeで狙う企業、希少血液癌をターゲットにした抗体医薬ベンチャー(抗体は比較的薬になり易い)等が多数存在し、小さく成功する会社の裾野を支えていると思います。日本のEBPが結果として成功していないと見えるのは、米国的なシーズの多様性を持たない事が影響していると思います。これはVCサイドの志向と、古い薬剤のRepositioningが日本市場では好まれない(高い薬価が付かないので)事も影響していると考えられます。
  • 海外で創製されてある程度エビデンスが整った薬剤の日本での開発だけをやっているEBPでもバイオベンチャーと認識されるのもイノベーションの観点では良くないと思います(彼らはシーズのInnovationはしていない)。開発が成功してもインパクトある存在になれない。パイプライン導入開発型は本来EBPのあるべき姿ではないと思います。ただ市場規模が小さく、日本の伝統的な医薬品企業が扱わない貴重な製品を開発する存在ですので、日本の患者さんにとっては大切な存在ではあります。

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